GHK-Cu

Mechanism of Action

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) that forms a stable complex with copper(II) ions. This copper-peptide complex stimulates collagen synthesis by fibroblasts at picomolar to nanomolar concentrations, enhances glycosaminoglycan production (particularly dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate), and upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression, facilitating extracellular matrix remodeling. The copper ion appears essential for many effects, as GHK alone does not reproduce the MMP-2 stimulation. Key Pathways: Collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis (Type I and III collagen, glycosaminoglycans), Matrix metalloproteinase regulation (MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2), Growth factor production (bFGF, VEGF), Antioxidant activity via inhibition of ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation The stimulation of collagen, elastin precursors, and glycosaminoglycans explains the compound's use in skin repair and anti-aging applications, while enhanced growth factor production (bFGF, VEGF) supports wound healing and potentially hair follicle health. The dual action of promoting matrix synthesis while also upregulating MMP-2 suggests GHK-Cu facilitates controlled tissue remodeling rather than simply building new matrix.

Common Dose Reference Ranges

Educational reference ranges only — discuss actual dosing with a qualified healthcare provider.

GHK-Cu calculator

Convert labeled vial mass and an entered water volume using hypothetical arithmetic, not dosing recommendations.

Full GHK-Cu protocols — frequency, timing, cycle length, reconstitution & research