SS-31
Protects mitochondria to boost cellular energy
- Mitochondrial Health/Energy
- Anti-Aging/Longevity
Most efficacy data comes from animal and in vitro studies - human safety data is limited primarily to Barth syndrome populations Long-term safety profile is not yet established due to recent approval (2025) Safety in pregnant or lactating women has not been established
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential for electron transport chain organization. By stabilizing cardiolipin and optimizing electron transfer, SS-31 reduces electron leak and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at their source, while simultaneously enhancing ATP synthesis efficiency. Key Pathways: Cardiolipin stabilization in inner mitochondrial membrane, PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy activation, MitoGSH/mitoGPX4 antioxidant pathway activation, Mitochondria-dependent ferroptosis inhibition By reducing mitochondrial ROS production and improving ATP synthesis, SS-31 helps restore cellular energy capacity and reduces oxidative damage that accumulates with aging and disease. This translates to improved organ function in energy-demanding tissues like heart and kidney, with observed benefits including reduced inflammation, preserved mitochondrial integrity, and protection against stress-induced cellular damage.
Common Dose Reference Ranges
Educational reference ranges only — discuss actual dosing with a qualified healthcare provider.
Full SS-31 protocols — frequency, timing, cycle length, reconstitution & research
- Injection site reactions
- Limited long-term safety data